quarta-feira, 19 de novembro de 2008

TEXTOS E AÇÃO DIALÓGICA ENTRE SUJEITOS E ESPAÇOS

Só podemos partir para a descoberta de nossa alma utilizando o espelho dos homens que nos olham. Michel Mafessoli

Antes de se imergir no universo conceitual de gêneros textuais e discursivos que permeiam a mídia, é importante dizer que a sociedade em que se vive hoje, é um espaço de letramento e por isso demanda de novos elementos sintagmáticos e paradigmáticos na compreensão dos processos comunicativos que estão sendo apresentados via mídia de massa.
A escola enquanto meio de formação leitores e produtores de texto não pode desprezar a riqueza dos gêneros discursivos usados pela mídia, sobretudo, aquela que as informações servem para a manipulação das ideologias capitalista e consumista, elaboradas pelo Estado, tanto nos espaços escolares como nos não escolares. Com efeito, intui-se como perspectiva à construção de uma consciência coletiva na qual os profissionais da linguagem possam, de fato, entender que a tecnologia e a mídia fazem parte do novo cenário educativo e processual da aprendizagem. Os gêneros midiáticos são produções que se hibridizam no universo da informação, dando ao leitor maior oportunidade de interpretação visto que ele [leitor] é fruto da interação de semioses no cotidiano não escolar, onde textos e imagens se coadunam.
Desta forma, o pensamento bakhtineano de gêneros discursivo é destaque ao relacioná-lo aos elementos de significação existentes nas ações dialógicas da linguagem cotidiana dos sujeitos. Na verdade, é nesse contexto que as outras linguagens; escolar e não escolar traduzem o pensamento da sociedade em determinado contexto. Portanto, a linguagem é um processo mental de manifestação do pensamento e de natureza essencialmente consciente, significativa e orientada para o contato interpessoal. Apesar do processo da linguagem ser essencialmente consciente, entretanto entende-se que o fluxo e a articulação provêm de camadas mais profundas do subconsciente e inconsciente.
No estudo da linguagem, deve-se distinguir a expressão verbal e a expressão gráfica e a lingüística se interessa tanto pela linguagem falada quanto pela linguagem escrita. Ambas as expressões são um conjunto de sinais próprios de cada língua com os quais manifestamos nosso pensamento e tanto a expressão verbal quanto à expressão gráfica, devem constar de dois elementos fundamentais - a sintaxe e a palavra.
A sintaxe tem por objeto, segundo Azeredo (2002), as relações entre as palavras e as frases, e corresponde à própria organização do pensamento. As representações e os conceitos devem ser expostos numa determinada ordem necessária à compreensão, formando assim o raciocínio lógico. Portanto, esse arranjo estrutural da linguagem é a sintaxe. Dessa maneira, é importante para o estudante de linguagem perceber que, a palavreado costuma refletir o pensamento e pode ser tida como o elo final da cadeia de processos psíquicos que se iniciam com percepção e terminam com a palavra falada ou escrita. Costuma-se ter por certo que não existem pensamentos que não sejam formulados por palavras, a ponto de poder se afirmar que todo pensamento corresponde a alguma determinada expressão verbal. É por isso que não se estabelecem diferenciações entre as perturbações do pensamento e as alterações da linguagem. Se existissem apenas alterações da linguagem, estas ficariam limitadas aos distúrbios da articulação da palavra e da sintaxe, mas, na realidade, as perturbações da linguagem são muito mais complexas. Se a linguagem é um atributo humano dirigido à comunicação entre pessoas, começamos a considerar o conteúdo da linguagem. Sim, porque os esquizofrênicos podem expressar os maiores disparates delirantes, mantendo uma perfeita correção da sintaxe. Ainda aqui não é demais relembrar que a separação entre os diferentes processos psíquicos é feita apenas para facilitar o ensino.
Diante desse contexto, considera-se, pois, que o trabalho com Gêneros discursivos e diferentes linguagens, especialmente, midiáticas torna-se cada ver mais uma necessidade no processo de ensino-aprendizagem de linguagem na sala de aula das séries iniciais, tendo como foco a leitura e escrita de textos que circulam em ambientes não escolares. Assim, toda atividade com textos de circulação social deve buscar a compreensão da idéia neles contidas através de leitura plena. Para que isso ocorra com certo grau de responsabilidade, é fundamental que o profissional da linguagem promova meios para que o aprendiz faça a imersão em tais ambientes de discurso. Com efeito, à interação com o interlocutor e à participação fique ao cargo do mediador que, nesse caso é o professor.
Dessa forma, os pressupostos da construção das linguagens serão ainda referendados pela gênese e exegese do processo de leitura e escrita. Para isso, visualiza-se que, o estudante de pedagogia pode fazer uma relação dialógica entre as linguagens convencionais (livro didático, literário, ensaio, etc.) e informais (internet, jornais, revistas, outdoors, classificados, folhetos, etc.) como instrumento de desenvolvimento lingüístico, educacional e cultural do seu futuro aluno. Conclui-se ainda que a linguagem é um instrumento mediador da aprendizagem e, portanto, ela se estabelece, nos mais variados espaços de cultura e letramento. Com isso, a utilização dos gêneros discursivos das mídias no fazer cotidiano do aluno e da comunidade, é uma realidade a ser considerada pela escola no sentido de associar teoria e prática de aprendizagem de língua.
Os lingüista e as definições de língua(gem)
Não é difícil de encontrar acepções de língua(gem). Conquanto, algumas sejam mais complexas que outras, vejamos algumas que possibilitam melhor entendimento do profissional das línguas naturais.
a) De acordo com Sapir (1929, p.8) “A linguagem é um método puramente humano e não instintivo de se comunicarem idéias, emoções e desejos por meio de símbolos voluntariamente produtivos.”
b) Bloch e Trager (1942, p5) rubricaram: “Uma língua é um sistema de símbolos vocais arbitrários por meio dos quais um grupo social co-opera.”
c) Hall (1968 p. 158): “a instituição pela qual os humanos se comunicam e interagem uns com os outros por meio de símbolos arbitrários oral-auditivos habitualmente utilizados.”
Referências
LYONS, J. Linguagem e lingüística: uma introdução. São Paulo: LTC, 1981.
MARCONDES, Beatriz; et. ali. Como usar outras linguagens na sala de aula. 4. ed. São Paulo: contexto, 2003.
______, Notas sobre a pós-modernidade: O lugar faz o elo. Rio de Janeiro: Atlântica, 2004.

* Professor de lingüística e linguagens, da UNEB, escritor e poeta.

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